next up previous
Next: CYCLIC GROUPS Up: Groups Previous: Exponent notation

Order of a group, element

The order of a group G is simply the number of elements in G. Unfortunately, the word order is also associated with an element of a group and while there is a connection, it tends to be confusing in a first time meeting.

The order of an element g in a group is the least positive integer k such that tex2html_wrap_inline753 is the identity. For a group in which + is the binary operation we need to read this as the least positive integer k such that tex2html_wrap_inline757 is the identity. If no such integer k exists, then g has infinite order.

For example, in the real numbers under addition, the element 1 has infinite order. This is because tex2html_wrap_inline763 has no solution (remember k has to be positive). Hence, 1 has infinite order. For the same reason, the number -1 has infinite order. Now in the non-zero real numbers under the binary operation of multiplication of real numbers, the number 1 has order 1 since tex2html_wrap_inline767 . Similarly, the number -1 has order 2 since tex2html_wrap_inline769 and tex2html_wrap_inline771 .

One warning here. If we know that in a group tex2html_wrap_inline773 is the identity, k>0, it does not mean that the order of a is k. It could happen that some smaller positive integer r would give tex2html_wrap_inline783 . It must be remembered that the order of an element is the LEAST POSITIVE INTEGER or else it does not exist.



Peter Williams
Sun Mar 30 14:48:35 PST 1997